Response to Kant and Singer Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Response to Kant and Singer - Essay Example Unlike other non-human animals that readily adopt to their surroundings, humans often change their surrounding in order to make it more comfortable. As such, humans have sophisticated social and intellectual setup and therefore steers the relationship with other animals. The two scholars thus explain that humans must appreciate the role and position of the other animals thus developing a natural ecosystem for the other animals to prosper on their own. Kent explains the need for the liberation of animals as a fundamental social feature that he likens to the many other liberal movements throughout the history of humans. By likening the need for animal liberation to the liberation of blacks in the United States, the renowned philosopher strives to develop a mental image of the issue and its importance. Animal rights are specific entitlements that humans accord animals in order to foster their lives and place in the society. The scholar explains that the current society experiences intense animal-human conflicts most of which result in the loss of ether human or animal lives (Kant 54). He explains that the case should not remain this way since the ecosystem can accommodate both the animals and the humans. He therefore calls for responsive relationship between animals and humans thus ensuring that each group enjoys its life to the fullest. Peter Singer shares the ideas of Immanuel Kant who calls for the liberation of animals. Kant believes that treating animals humanely enhances the human-animal interactions thus minimizing the risks associated with such relationships. This implies Singer would appreciate and call for the implementation of Kant’s hypothesis. In the article, Kant argues that only those who exhibit rationality have moral worth. Rationality refers to a degree of levelheadedness that enables an individual to weigh his actions thus make appropriate decisions, those that do not show disregard to the social values.

The Hierarchical Model

The Hierarchical Model Was developed in the 1960s. The Hierarchical model was essentially born from the first mainframe database management system. It uses an upside-down tree to structure data. The top of the tree is the parent and the branches are children. Each child can only have one parent but a parent can have many children. Advantages Have many different structures and forms. Structures data in an upside-down tree. (Simplifies data overview) Manages large amounts of data. Express the relationships between information. Many children per parent. Distribute data in terms of relationships. Improve data sharing. Disadvantages One parent per child. Complex (users require physical representation of database) Navigation system is complex. Data must be organized in a hierarchical way without compromising the information. Lack structural independence. Many too many relationships not supported. Data independence. NETWORK DATA MODEL In 1965 C.W. Bachman developed the first network data model to present complex data relationships more effectively than the hierarchical model. He tried to impose a database standard with his model and also wanted to improve database performance. It was in 1971 that the Conference on Data System Languages or CODASYL officially or formally defined the Network model. The network databases arrange its data as a directed graph and have a standard navigational language. Advantages Multi-parent support. Somewhat same simplicity as the hierarchical model. More useful than the hierarchical data model. Deals with even larger amounts of information than the hierarchical model. Promotes data integrity. Many too many relationships support. Data independence. Improved data access. Disadvantages Data relationships must be predefined. Much more complex than the hierarchical date model. Users are still require to know the physical representation of the database Information can be related in various and complicated ways. Lack structural independence. RELATIONAL DATA MODEL The relational data model was introduced in 1970 by Edgar F. Codd. He worked for IBM. All data is represented as simple tabular data structures which the user can access through a high-level non-procedural language. In 1974 IBM proposed a new high-level non-procedural language SEQUEL (renamed into SQL in 1990). Advantages Structured independence is promoted. Users do not have to know the physical representation of the database. Use of SQL language to access data. Easier database design. Tabular view improves simplicity. Support large amounts of data. Data independence. Multi-level relationships between data sets No need to predefined data relationships. Disadvantages Data anomalies. People need training if they want to use the system effectively and efficiently. ENTITY RELATIONSHIP DATA MODEL Dr. Peter Pin-Shan Chen introduced the entity relationship data model in 1976. It is a graphical representation of entities that became popular very quickly because it complemented the relational database model concepts. Advantages A very important data modeling tool. An extended Entity-Relationship diagram allows more details. Multi-valued attributes. Structured independence. Organize the data into categories defining entities the relationships between them. Visual representation. Data independence. Disadvantages Limited relationship representation. Loss of information (when attributes are removed from entities). No data manipulation language. Limited constraint representation. BIOGRAPHY Rob, P., Coronel, C. Crockett, K. 2008. Database systems: design, implementation management international edition. UK: Gaynor Redvers-Mutton. p37-51. Danielsen, A. The evolution of data models and approaches to persistence in database systems. 1998. Available at: http://www.fing.edu.uy/inco/grupos/csi/esp/Cursos/cursos_act/2000/DAP_DisAvDB/documentacion/OO/Evol_DataModels.html. Accessed February 15, 2010. Geekinterview.com. The Hierarchical Model. 2008. Available at: http://www.learn.geekinterview.com/it/data-modeling/the-hierarchical-model.html. Accessed February 15, 2010. Geekinterview.com. Network Model. 2008. Available at: http://www.learn.geekinterview.com/it/data-modeling/network-model.html. Accessed February 15, 2010. Geekinterview.com. Relational Model. 2008. Available at: http://www.learn.geekinterview.com/it/data-modeling/relational-model.html. Accessed February 15, 2010. Geekinterview.com. A Look at the Entity-Relationship. 2008. Available at: http://www.learn.geekinterview.com/it/data-modeling/a-look-at-the-entity-relationship.html. Accessed February 15, 2010.

The Holocaust Essay -- Jewsish Holocaust Hitler Dehumanization Essays

The Holocaust The Holocaust, what is the true depth of the word? As sad as it may seem, it affected the lives of millions because of the hate inside of one certain group of people, the Nazi’s. Dehumanization is to deprive human qualities such as individuality or compassion. Victims of the Holocaust went through dehumanization simply to make the killing of others psychologically easy for the Nazi’s.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Many victims of the Holocaust suffered from various experiments which eventually led to the death. Some of the experiments were things such as: sun lamp, internal irrigation, hot bath, warming by body heat, freezing/hypothermia etc. The internal irrigation system is when, â€Å"the frozen victims would have water heated to a near blistering temperature forcefully irrigated into the stomach, bladder, and intestines.† (Medical Experiments of the Holocaust and Nazi Medicine) Why would anybody perform such horrible things on another human being? That is a question that many people still can’t answer. It is much more complex than it may seem. The Nazi’s wanted to make the victims do so many degrading things that they would appear to be subhuman. Killing somebody less than human was more justifiable to the Nazi’s. One experiment that was conducted on a pair of Russians describes the torture that many victims went through. The experiment of the twins is graphically described, â€Å"the next part of the examination consisted of tubes being forced through their n...

Deception Point Page 26

Like a hot knife through a frozen stick of butter. Norah motioned to the NASA men on the winches. â€Å"The generators can't handle this kind of strain, so I'm using manpower to lift.† â€Å"That's crap!† one of the workers interjected. â€Å"She's using manpower because she likes to see us sweat!† â€Å"Relax,† Norah fired back. â€Å"You girls have been bitching for two days that you're cold. I cured that. Now keep pulling.† The workers laughed. â€Å"What are the pylons for?† Rachel asked, pointing to several orange highway cones positioned around the tower at what appeared to be random locations. Rachel had seen similar cones dispersed around the dome. â€Å"Critical glaciology tool,† Norah said. â€Å"We call them SHABAs. That's short for ‘step here and break ankle.'† She picked up one of the pylons to reveal a circular bore hole that plunged like a bottomless well into the depths of the glacier. â€Å"Bad place to step.† She replaced the pylon. â€Å"We drilled holes all over the glacier for a structural continuity check. As in normal archeology, the number of years an object has been buried is indicated by how deep beneath the surface it's found. The farther down one finds it, the longer it's been there. So when an object is discovered under the ice, we can date that object's arrival by how much ice has accumulated on top of it. To make sure our core dating measurements are accurate, we check multiple areas of the ice sheet to confirm that the area is one solid slab and hasn't been disrupted by earthquake, fissuring, avalanche, what have you.† â€Å"So how does this glacier look?† â€Å"Flawless,† Norah said. â€Å"A perfect, solid slab. No fault lines or glacial turnover. This meteorite is what we call a ‘static fall.' It's been in the ice untouched and unaffected since it landed in 1716.† Rachel did a double take. â€Å"You know the exact year it fell?† Norah looked surprised by the question. â€Å"Hell, yes. That's why they called me in. I read ice.† She motioned to a nearby pile of cylindrical tubes of ice. Each looked like a translucent telephone pole and was marked with a bright orange tag. â€Å"Those ice cores are a frozen geologic record.† She led Rachel over to the tubes. â€Å"If you look closely you can see individual layers in the ice.† Rachel crouched down and could indeed see that the tube was made up of what appeared to be strata of ice with subtle differences in luminosity and clarity. The layers varied between paper thin to about a quarter of an inch thick. â€Å"Each winter brings a heavy snowfall to the ice shelf,† Norah said, â€Å"and each spring brings a partial thaw. So we see a new compression layer every season. We simply start at the top-the most recent winter-and count backward.† â€Å"Like counting rings on a tree.† â€Å"It's not quite that simple, Ms. Sexton. Remember, we're measuring hundreds of feet of layerings. We need to read climatological markers to benchmark our work-precipitation records, airborne pollutants, that sort of thing.† Tolland and the others joined them now. Tolland smiled at Rachel. â€Å"She knows a lot about ice, doesn't she?† Rachel felt oddly happy to see him. â€Å"Yeah, she's amazing.† â€Å"And for the record,† Tolland nodded, â€Å"Dr. Mangor's 1716 date is right on. NASA came up with the exact same year of impact well before we even got here. Dr. Mangor drilled her own cores, ran her own tests, and confirmed NASA's work.† Rachel was impressed. â€Å"And coincidentally,† Norah said, â€Å"1716 is the exact year early explorers claimed to have seen a bright fire-ball in the sky over northern Canada. The meteor became known as the Jungersol Fall, after the name of the exploration's leader.† â€Å"So,† Corky added, â€Å"the fact that the core dates and the historic record match is virtual proof that we're looking at a fragment of the same meteorite that Jungersol recorded seeing in 1716.† â€Å"Dr. Mangor!† one of the NASA workers called out â€Å"Leader hasps are starting to show!† â€Å"Tour's over, folks,† Norah said. â€Å"Moment of truth.† She grabbed a folding chair, climbed up onto it, and shouted out at the top of her lungs. â€Å"Surfacing in five minutes, everyone!† All around the dome, like Pavlovian dogs responding to a dinner bell, the scientists dropped what they were doing and hurried toward the extraction zone. Norah Mangor put her hands on her hips and surveyed her domain. â€Å"Okay, let's raise the Titanic.† 28 â€Å"Step aside!† Norah hollered, moving through the growing crowd. The workers scattered. Norah took control, making a show of checking the cable tensions and alignments. â€Å"Heave!† one of the NASA men yelled. The men tightened their winches, and the cables ascended another six inches out of the hole. As the cables continued to move upward, Rachel felt the crowd inching forward in anticipation. Corky and Tolland were nearby, looking like kids at Christmas. On the far side of the hole, the hulking frame of NASA administrator Lawrence Ekstrom arrived, taking a position to watch the extraction. â€Å"Hasps!† one of the NASA men yelled. â€Å"Leaders are showing!† The steel cables rising through the boreholes changed from silver braid to yellow leader chains. â€Å"Six more feet! Keep it steady!† The group around the scaffolding fell into a rapt silence, like onlookers at a seance awaiting the appearance of some divine specter-everyone straining for the first glimpse. Then Rachel saw it. Emerging from the thinning layer of ice, the hazy form of the meteorite began to show itself. The shadow was oblong and dark, blurry at first, but getting clearer every moment as it melted its way upward. â€Å"Tighter!† a technician yelled. The men tightened the winches, and the scaffolding creaked. â€Å"Five more feet! Keep the tension even!† Rachel could now see the ice above the stone beginning to bulge upward like a pregnant beast about to give birth. Atop the hump, surrounding the laser's point of entry, a small circle of surface ice began to give way, melting, dissolving into a widening hole. â€Å"Cervix is dilated!† someone shouted. â€Å"Nine hundred centimeters!† A tense laughter broke the silence. â€Å"Okay, kill the laser!† Someone threw a switch, and the beam disappeared. And then it happened. Like the fiery arrival of some paleolithic god, the huge rock broke the surface with a hiss of steam. Through the swirling fog, the hulking shape rose out of the ice. The men manning the winches strained harder until finally the entire stone broke free of the frozen restraints and swung, hot and dripping, over an open shaft of simmering water. Rachel felt mesmerized. Dangling there on its cables, dripping wet, the meteorite's rugged surface glistened in the fluorescent lights, charred and rippled with the appearance of an enormous petrified prune. The rock was smooth and rounded on one end, this section apparently blasted away by friction as it streaked through the atmosphere. Looking at the charred fusion crust, Rachel could almost see the meteor rocketing earthward in a furious ball of flames. Incredibly, that was centuries ago. Now, the captured beast hung there on its cables, water dripping from its body. The hunt was over. Not until this moment had the drama of this event truly struck Rachel. The object hanging before her was from another world, millions of miles away. And trapped within it was evidence-no, proof-that man was not alone in the universe. The euphoria of the moment seemed to grip everyone at the same instant, and the crowd broke into spontaneous hoots and applause. Even the administrator seemed caught up in it. He clapped his men and women on the back, congratulating them. Looking on, Rachel felt a sudden joy for NASA. They'd had some tough luck in the past. Finally things were changing. They deserved this moment.

Drama Part 1 Essay

The piece of Drama we have created is called â€Å"The Fear of the Unknown†. We looked at various ways of interpreting the title before agreeing on a suitable theme. Our story covers the death of a character and studies the reactions of characters in different situations. The actual cause of death is left to the imagination and is never actually mentioned. This links in with the title we were given. I am going to compare â€Å"The fear of the unknown† with the play â€Å"The Woman in Black† by Susan Hill and adapted by Steven Mallatratt. I will also use the Crucible text by Arthur Miller and Blue Remembered Hills text. In the Woman in Black as the actor approaches the house a gobo is shown to show Eel marsh house in the background. The house seems large and foreboding. This helps create an air of suspense with the audience who already have heard about the woman in black. This happens again when the actor approaches the door to the playroom whilst the music plays. Similarly, the actors in The Fear of the unknown create tension whilst approaching the house by talking quietly and discuss the house in their ‘ghost story’. The curse of the Woman in Black is similar to the curse placed on the house where a girl died many years ago. Many other people tell the story of the woman in black. The actor isn’t superstitious so ignores them. He is lucky to escape with his life. In the fear of the unknown Stacey warns Sadie about the curse in the house where the girl died, Sadie believes the story but then still goes in the house, and doesn’t return. This could also be compared to in the Crucible where the suspicion of witchcraft underlies everything. In the beginning of the play many people didn’t even have suspicion of witches. Though the idea there were witches living within a community ate away at the people until people died. Many innocent people ended up hanging for witchcraft. The imagination of characters in the play we performed added to the tension created. This occurred frequently during the piece, for example when Charlie and Sadie appear at the door to Stacey’s party Stacey looks Sadie up and down. Sadie is instantly terrified of Stacey even though this is normal behaviour in her characters case. The same thing happens in Blue Remembered Hills when the siren goes to signal that a prisoner of war has escaped. Every noise sounds like the war prisoner approaching them and all the children believe the prisoner of war would kill them. You can also compare it to the Crucible where everyone suspects everyone else to be witches, and everyone turns on everybody else causing more havoc. To some extent this also happens in The Woman in Black as the actor is met by suspicious and hostile reactions when he attends the ladies funeral. Also everybody in the village believes in The Woman in Black and her terrible curse, this means all the characters would be on edge. In conclusion, I think our drama performance went well, our preparation could have been better but we all had different school activities on, which made it hard to rehearse. Near to the end of our rehearsals we threw one member of our cast out. This put us at a disadvantage but meant we worked better as a group in the end as we were all striving for a common goal. Our original ideas included; Bullying and the consequences of bullying, Relationships, and problems that could never be solved. We decided to work on the events leading up to an unnecessary death.

Choosing an ideal essay writing service Essay Example

Choosing an ideal essay writing service Essay Example Choosing an ideal essay writing service Essay Choosing an ideal essay writing service Essay People are always in search for everything good for them, their relatives and friends. If you are choosing the place where you can rest on your vacation you look for better places or companies that provide their customers with tours. People are often searching for an ideal; however, they misunderstand the meaning of this word. Some of them think that ideal product, lets say a car must be fast, economical and comfortable, have a possibility to pass on mountains and the price of it is not very high. If you add that it could accelerate like Ferrari every car expert will laugh about it as there is no such car in the world. You can call an ideal the car that fits you most and your expectations, that car would be ideal for you, your lifestyle and maybe to your family. You have to choose what you value most, what you expect from a product or service and what you pay money for. As for paper writing services the ideal company will provide their customers with only top quality paper work that passed through authenticity check with delivery long before the deadline expires. It is also the common rules for paper writing services if they want to get more customers and a good reputation. Scam companies that deliver only awful papers, or papers that were copied from other well written works care only about earning money and they are the kind of experience you would be aware of getting. Yet, there are a few notations that the customer should know before choosing the company to deal with. Essay writing services seem to have become a necessity. Tight schedules that students are obligated to operate under require overloaded or overburdened students to delegate some of their academic assignments. Delegating, however, may not go down well if a student falls for an essay writing service that is a scam. There is, unfortunately, no direct way of knowing whether an essay service provider is reliable or not. The only way that a student can get to know about the reliability of an essay service is by placing custom paper orders. The first order itself should say more than what any essay review is likely to reveal. Of course, you can say that you have no opportunity to spend money for testing a paper writing company but that way of testing, however, takes place and there are customers that want to prepare themselves to further orders by choosing the reliable company. After placing a test essay, which may be a dummy or real essay. A student should consider a number of factors. First and foremost, a student should evaluate the orders turn around. If the order was attended to immediately and the finished product delivered in a timely fashion, then the essay writing service can be considered to have passed the first test. The reply time should be nearly instant as there are many students that have important orders with a deadline time only a few hours. The best paper writing service like ours always delivers completed paper long before your deadline providing our customers with unique paper work and top quality. Our customers always have an opportunity to monitor their order status or contact with our support service for any order information. The second factor that a student should consider is the authenticity and quality of a custom essay delivered by the essay service being put to test. If the delivered essay is of great quality and authentic then the essay service can be considered to be worthy of working with. Authenticity of a custom essay can be ascertained by the requesting a plagiarism report. If the report shows no trace of plagiarism, then this can be considered to be a plus for the company. Although quality of a custom paper may differ from one student to another, what students should be concerned with is whether or not their instructions and directions were followed to the letter. Prices charged by an essay service are another factor that students need to consider while choosing an ideal essay writing service. While you get quality paper work, which passed through plagiarism check and the delivery time was good you have to admit that this is how every company should work. The price is the number one question after you are sure about paper guarantees and we proudly say that our prices much lower than prices of companies that provide the same quality service and that is why people choose us.

Sin essays

Sin essays A sin can be defined as the act of breaking a Religious law or purpose. Morals and how someone is raised can factor into their views on a sin. Everyone has a conscience, which is the ability to recognize right and wrong. A sin severity varies by intent, and results of the commented act. Some sins are taken more seriously than others are. For example if you choose to lie to your parents you may get grounded, but if you were to murder someone you would be condemned to prison. Usually after a person commits an iniquity it causes them to feel guilt and remorse because they know their action was wrong. In The Scarlet Letter, Roger Chillingworth is the worst sinner. Chillingworth is the greatest sinner because his sin is intentional, selfish, and continual. Chillingworth consciously commits two sins. His first sin is against nature by marrying Hester, knowing she does not love him. His selfish desire to have a lovely, young wife. He is aware of this by telling Hester Mine was the first wrong. When I betrayed thy budding youth into a false and unnatural relation with my decay. (Hawthorne, 153) But his worst offense is when he let the sin take over. Chillingworth sacrifices Dimmesdale to satisfy his own selfish need for vengeance. He focuses constantly to destroy Dimmesdales sanity. Being Dimmesdales doctor he knows he is causing Dimmesdale to be ill and he intentionally does not stop. Not only is Chillingworth aware of his sin, but he sins selfishly. When Chillingworth arrives in Boston and sees his wife on the scaffold he plans to break vengeance on the man who seduces his wife and fathers her child. Unlike Dimmesdales and Hester crime of passion, his is cold and plotted to only benefit himself. His constant poking at Dimmesdale wound with diabolical determination to increase his suffering and pain brings self-enjoyment. He enjoys tormenting him so much that he arranges to keep him in his selfish clutch...

Noun Clauses

Noun Clauses Noun Clauses Noun Clauses By Maeve Maddox A reader asks for more information about noun clauses. First, a little review. A clause is a group of words that contains a main verb. Examples: I dance the polka. what people like that ruined the evening Clauses are of two kinds: main or independent subordinate or dependent Clauses function as parts of speech: He bumped into the wall when the lights went out. (Adverb clause modifying the verb bumped.) Theres the man who saved the kitten. (Adjective clause qualifying the noun man.) He knows what consumers like. (Noun clause, object of the verb knows.) A noun clause functions as a noun in another clause. The noun clause may be the subject or object of a verb, or the object of a preposition: What he is doing smacks of corruption. (Noun clause, subject of the verb smacks.) We can only hope that the wind will die down soon. (Noun clause, object of the verb can hope.) Ill give this computer to whoever wants it. (Noun clause, object of the preposition to.) And yes, it should be whoever and not whomever because whoever is the subject of the verb wants. Some words that may introduce a noun clause: who whom whose which that if whether what when where how why whoever whenever whatever wherever Sometimes the introductory word may be left out, as in I wish I knew the reason. (i.e,, I wish that I knew the reason.) But thats another post. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Grammar category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:How to Structure A Story: The Eight-Point ArcHow to Punctuate Descriptions of ColorsWhat the Heck are "Peeps"?

Critical Thinking Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

Critical Thinking - Essay Example She made a decision and took action as a result of the decision. She immediately reported to the HR the flaw of the system and Tanya’s behavior. In my case, I took a stand when my I saw my classmate cheating in one of our exams during middle school. Although that classmate is a neighbor, I reported it to our teacher. The issue is cheating during examinations. My classmate used a small piece of paper that contained facts about the exam. I immediately called the attention of the teacher during the examination by writing on my test paper about what I saw. There was a need to suspend judgment for a few minutes before I told the teacher since I had to be certain that she was really cheating. Nevertheless, the decision to turn her in was deliberate since it would be unfair for the rest of the class to let her cheat since we all studied for the difficult exam. My position then was purely logical, we get what we deserve so I was just being objective. My advocacy then was not about honesty, it was all about reward for hard work. My action is a consequence of my decision to not tolerate cheating during examination since we all need to study to get the grade we deserve. Tama, M.C. (1989). Critical thinking: Promoting it in the classroom. Retrieved March 4, 2010 from Indiana University, Clearinghouse on Reading, English, & Communication Web site:

Employment law - 4 case study questions Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

Employment law - 4 case study questions - Essay Example One of the new terms that the company was introducing was to require the employees ‘to carry out such overtime as may be required by the company’. Question 1 Facts Nigel is one of the employees affected by the ‘new’ terms and conditions. He is a service engineer who has been doing some overtime work in his own volition for the benefit of the company. But upon the requirement to make overtime working an obligation, Nigel has refused to do any further overtime stating that the long working hours are having a detrimental to his health and family life. He further claims that he never signed a contract agreeing to do unlimited overtime. He has consistently and expressly made it clear over the last few months that he was working a limited amount of overtime and was not supporting the unlimited provision the company was introducing. He simply agreed to the limited overtime for the benefit of the company and he never at any particular moment felt obliged to do it. T he company is considering taking disciplinary action against Nigel, with his manager threatening to suspend him without pay until he agrees to resume overtime working. Argument First, the company has a right to compel obedience from its employees. It is the employees’ duty to cooperate with his employer and to obey the instructions given and, most importantly, not to impede the employer’s business (Ullman, 2003). The company can initiate the disciplinary process and even dismiss Nigel on grounds of insubordination. Macari v Celtic FC ct of session [1999] IRLR 788 provided some useful insights when it directed that if the employer breaches the duty of trust and confidence, yet the employee refuses to leave, then the employee should not disregard employer’s lawful instructions. Nigel was informed in advance and in writing on the intended revision of terms. Nigel never left, even though he showed his disagreement with the new terms obligating him to work overtime a s and when required. Due to his decision to stay the company takes that as an implied communication of acceptance of the new terms and conditions. It expects Nigel to adhere to them, failure to which will lead to his suspension and or dismissal pursuant to the provisions of the disciplinary process (Moffat, 2011). The company’s revision of the written particulars was made within the legal framework and therefore, legal and binding if signed. According to ss.1-7 Employment Rights Act 1998, the employer should provide the written particulars of employment within the first two months after the commencement of employment. If it is a continuing employee, like in this case, it should not be later than a month after the change has been effected (Craig, 2008). Again, s. 4 of the Employment Rights Act provides that if such changes are made, then the employees should be informed of the same personally and in writing; the company did so. The company, however, faces tough odds because of the arguments or the courses of action available to Nigel. Nigel claims that working overtime has been detrimental to his health and family life. Employers are generally required under the European Convention for the protection of Human Rights and fundamental freedoms (EHCR) to respect the employee’s right to private life and family life under article 8 (Craig, 2008). The EAT 2 also provides that the employer shall take reasonable measures, as is reasonably practicable, to take care of his employee’

Name on or more interactive features that JavaScript can provide and Essay

Name on or more interactive features that JavaScript can provide and HTML 5 cannot - Essay Example The user notification function allows a browser to view notifications to the user for specific events and passive notifications such as tweets, Facebook notifications, new emails, and calendar events irrespective of the tab in focus (Severance 2012 p.8). The set message option takes in desired message for translation to the user, preferred color of the notification and time length of the notification display. A dialog is a window of an application that is fashioned to cause an interruption in the current application processing to prompt the user to enter some information or a required user response. An alert dialog in this context is useful in conveying a message to alert user. Its role ends up in the same node that contains both the rest of the dialogue and the message alert. They are designed in a way to ensure mouse and keyboard interactions operate only within the alert dialog (Severance 2012 p. 7). It is an important feature especially in login and surveys, which html5 alone does not provide. It is a live region that allows the addition of new information in a meaningful order with subsequent loss of old information. These include messaging history, chat logs, game logs, and error logs. In this functionality, a relationship exists between acquisition of new information and reading order in the log (Severance 2012 p. 8). HTML5 does not provide that function while JavaScript makes it readily

Pressure Ulcer among Geriatric Pateints in Long Term Care Research Paper

Pressure Ulcer among Geriatric Pateints in Long Term Care - Research Paper Example The attitude of a caring nurse on any condition inflicting patient has either a direct or indirect outcome on the patient. Positive attitude has been given credence of a good outcome of the patient while negative one has had bad outcomes (Maklebust, 2000, pg.292). Knowledge of the nurse on condition of the patients also has been credited to a good outcome and the two (attitude and knowledge) work hand on hand. By knowing the attitude and knowledge, the research will unravel what is the reason beneath bad outcome and almost no sustainable pressure ulcer prevention on geriatric patients. First the literature will have the worldwide view of the title then narrow down my countries view of the subject. The literature review will only be done using scholarly material and journals of many authors of the subject. Then I will contrast and compare many of the scholastic journals authors view on the subject with keen interest on areas in which the authors are in disagreement while at the same time criticizes some aspects of the methodology. In the literature review, I will highlight exemplary studies and the gaps in the research while showing how my study relates to the previous studies and the literature in wholesome. Finally, a conclusion will be drawn by bringing into light what the literature says. This because the internal validity is at the core of inference and the study and is aimed to identify the area of more research, hell in human resource allocation and provide information about the existence of condition inclusion and exclusion

Hospitality industry Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Hospitality industry - Essay Example The activities include business, leisure and for other purposes. A tour operator is a person or a company that creates and markets inclusive tours with the sub-contractors to make a package. Most of the tour operators sell through travel agencies and directly to the clients. The player gathers and distributes marketing research and helpful information about the marketing information. They find the customers and use persuasive language to convince the tourist to take the offers made by the tour site owners and operators. The people shape and match the offers with the tourist’s needs and budget for the best offer (Page 2011). They agree to the terms of payment between the customer and owner and assume financial risks. Aer Lingus are tour operators who take their visitors right from Bournemouth Airport. The operators book their clients in sea-view beach resorts. It is a convenient place for their customers as it is easy for the players to take them for boat rides and snorkelling. The heritage site is also a nice place to take the tourists as it shows the culture of the Bournemouth people. Old people in Bournemouth are caring and welcoming to foreigners. Most of the tourists that visit Bournemouth are older couples who look forward to a relaxing vacation. Travel agents purpose is to Plan and sells transportation and accommodations for the tour operators and travel agency clients. The companies determine the destinations for the tourists, means of transport, cost, travel dates and the housing required. Some travel agents also sell tour packages to the tourists. Hays Travel is the largest travel agency in the United Kingdom that transports tourist to and from the UK. The travel agency advises clients on the particular type of hotel they need to stay while on tour. The cottages are also an option if one does not like hotels. The travel agency can fly one from Bournemouth to Antalya, Turkey. It is a coastal town

Contrast and Compare Absorption Costing With Marginal Costing Essay

Contrast and Compare Absorption Costing With Marginal Costing - Essay Example Marginal costing and absorption costing are the basic two methods of costing that are used for managerial decision making. This research paper outlines comparison and contrasting of marginal costing with absorption costing to be presented to the manager of Ball Dolbear Ltd that I recently joined as an accountant. This paper describes the meaning and basic principles of both marginal costing and absorption costing. The managerial concepts and significance of both these methods are detailed in this paper. Both absorption costing and marginal or variable costing are types of product costing systems. Absorption or full costing includes direct materials, direct labor and both variable and fixed manufacturing overhead in the product costs whereas variable costing doesn’t include manufacturing fixed costs along with direct material and direct labor (Weygandt, Keiso and Kimmel, 2005, p. 265),. Marginal costing is the basic tool that helps management in taking most appropriate decisions and understands accurate cost structures. Marginal costing or variable costing considers direct materials, direct labor and variable manufacturing overhead costs as product costs. Under marginal costing, variable costs are attributed to cost units for a fixed period and fixed costs are written off in full against the total contribution. (Lucey and Lucey, 2002, p. 296). Nigam, Nigam and Jain (2004) defined marginal costing as the costing technique that â€Å"charges only the variable costs to the cost units† (p. 398). According to CIMA terminology of marginal costing, â€Å"it is a principle whereby variable costs are charged to the cost units and fixed costs attributable to the relevant period is written off in full against the contribution of that period† (Bhattacharyya, 2005, p. 68). Cost of a unit consists only of out of pocket costs that are direct, variable or avoidable costs. These

Hospitality industry Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Hospitality industry - Essay Example The activities include business, leisure and for other purposes. A tour operator is a person or a company that creates and markets inclusive tours with the sub-contractors to make a package. Most of the tour operators sell through travel agencies and directly to the clients. The player gathers and distributes marketing research and helpful information about the marketing information. They find the customers and use persuasive language to convince the tourist to take the offers made by the tour site owners and operators. The people shape and match the offers with the tourist’s needs and budget for the best offer (Page 2011). They agree to the terms of payment between the customer and owner and assume financial risks. Aer Lingus are tour operators who take their visitors right from Bournemouth Airport. The operators book their clients in sea-view beach resorts. It is a convenient place for their customers as it is easy for the players to take them for boat rides and snorkelling. The heritage site is also a nice place to take the tourists as it shows the culture of the Bournemouth people. Old people in Bournemouth are caring and welcoming to foreigners. Most of the tourists that visit Bournemouth are older couples who look forward to a relaxing vacation. Travel agents purpose is to Plan and sells transportation and accommodations for the tour operators and travel agency clients. The companies determine the destinations for the tourists, means of transport, cost, travel dates and the housing required. Some travel agents also sell tour packages to the tourists. Hays Travel is the largest travel agency in the United Kingdom that transports tourist to and from the UK. The travel agency advises clients on the particular type of hotel they need to stay while on tour. The cottages are also an option if one does not like hotels. The travel agency can fly one from Bournemouth to Antalya, Turkey. It is a coastal town

The Role Of The Judicial Branch In A Democracy Essay

The Role Of The Judicial Branch In A Democracy - Essay Example There are three branches making up a democracy and these are the legislature which not only sets out procedures that should be followed by the government but also ensures that the law is performed. The executive is the second branch of democracy and its main job is ensuring that policies are turned into action while the judiciary does the work of applying the law according to the procedures of justice that have been put in place while at the same time resolving any disagreements that might occur in the society. In order to ensure that there is freedom which is a one of the most important parts of democracy, it is necessary for these three powers to operate on their own but also act in a way that balances each other. Having the key values defining the law is what forms the groundwork for democracy since they help to constantly protect the constitution. These values also ensure that equality and civil rights and freedoms are always seen. Democracy is therefore thought to be one of the best types of government as a result of the clear separation that occurs between each of the arms of government. This is the reason why a judiciary that is independent in its actions is often seen as one of the best examples of a democracy that is working as it should be.

Effect of sugar price increases on food sellers

Effect of sugar price increases on food sellers The consumers in Malaysia have variety of menus for their daily diet, and sugar is one of the most important ingredients. Thus the market of sugar is an important factor to Malaysias economy. At the end of 2009, the government intended to decrease the subsidy of sugar. The purpose of this proposal was to promote a healthier lifestyle.  [1]  The cheap price of sugar has lead to overconsumption. There is 105% increase in overweight or obese Malaysians from 1996 to 2006.  [2]  Early 2010, the government has increased the price of sugar by RM0.20. However the increment was not because of the decrement sugars subsidy but it was because the increase in price of raw commodity.  [3]  In 16th July 2010, government decrease the sugar subsidy by RM0.25. This is one part in Malaysias subsidy rationalisation process. When the price of sugar in Malaysia was being compared to sugar price in other region, it was proven that sugars price in Malaysia is much lowered. Compared to sugar price in Thailand which is RM2.60, Malaysia is only RM1.90. It does not surprise us at all when Malaysias subsidised goods were being smuggled to neighbouring countries.  [4]   The government would have to spend RM1.26 billion if the price of sugar maintain at RM1.45 per kilogram. As the price of sugar had increased to RM1.90 per kilogram, the subsidies now worth almost RM1 billion only. Government only need to spend RM0.80 for every kilogram of sugar.  [5]  The government spending is reduced and through this rationalisation process has gave many benefits to Malaysia which will be discussed later. Although there were many benefits were gained, the increased in sugars price gives large impact to the food industry and the consumers. However, this research will focus on the impacts of increase in sugars price to the small food sellers in Shah Alam. I chose to do this research in Shah Alam mainly because I want to study on how the increase in price of sugar affects an industrial area. In Malaysia, there is only four main sugar factory; one of them is in Shah Alam which is Central Sugar Refinery (CSR). The research would be interesting to conduct, since the supply can easily distribute to the consumers. This factor, in theory, should have created a more efficient market for the food industries. Besides that, increment in price of sugar likely to be happen again in the future time as the government wants to decrease the sugars subsidy gradually. So, by doing this research, I can educate the society to prepare themselves on the consequences that they might face in the future. In the beginning of the research, I am expecting the food sellers in Shah Alam to be slightly affected by the increase in price of sugar. The food sellers will increase the price of their product and the demand of their product will decrease. 2.0 The Research 2.1 Objectives This research main aim is to study the effects of increase in price of sugar to food sellers in Shah Alam. Yet, in completing the investigation, this research has a few objectives that need to be obtain in order to answer the research question. To determine the effect of increase in the price of sugar to its supply, costs and income of the food sellers. To identify the demand of the sugar after the price of sugar has increased. To investigate the causes of sugar shortages in Shah Alam. To investigate the condition and operation of the market of sugar after four months of price of sugar has increased. To find any recommendation on this issue. 2.2 Hypothesis The hypothesis is: In the short run the food sellers in Shah Alam were only slightly affected by the increase in price of sugar. The food sellers will increase the price of their product and the demand of their product will decrease. 2.3 Methods Three methods had been chosen to be used in this research. Each method was done specifically to obtain the objectives that had been set before. Interview The first method chosen is through interview. The interview was done to investigate the supply-side after the price of sugar has increased. It involved ten food sellers and two grocery retailers in Shah Alam and six bakeries had been chosen for the interview. The result is assumed to represent the whole area of Shah Alam. The aim of the interviews is to achieve the first, second, third and fourth objective (2.1.1, 2.1.2, 2.1.3, 2.1.4 and 2.1.5). The questions to be asked for interviews can be referred in Appendix A. Surveys Aside than the interview, a survey was done also to achieve the second objective (2.1.2). The survey was in the form of questionnaires and involved residents around Shah Alam which were chosen randomly (Appendix B). Secondary research The last method chosen through the secondary research; which were through internet and library research. This method was conducted to achieve the fourth objective (2.1.4 and 2.1.5). 2.4 Theoretical Framework The theories that support the aims of this study are as below: Theory / Term Definition Law of Demand As the price of a product falls, the quantity demanded of the product will usually increase, ceteris paribus  [6]  . Law of Supply As the price of product rises, the quantity supplied of the product will usually increase, ceteris paribus. Elasticity of demand A measure of how much the demand of a product changes when there is a change in one of the factors that determine demand. Price elasticity of demand (PED) A measure of how much the quantity demanded of a product changes when there is a change in the price of the product. Elastic demand PED is greater than one and less than infinity. A change in the price of the products leads to a greater than proportionate change in the quantity demanded of it. Inelastic demand The value of PED less than one and greater than zero. A change in the price of the product leads to a proportionally smaller change in the quantity demanded of it. Subsidy An amount of money paid by the government to a firm, per unit of output. 2.5 Scope of Research This research will study the market mechanism of sugar and food around Shah Alam (microeconomics). The demand of sugar is studied to determine whether removal of subsidy has impact on it. This research will focus on the demand side and supply side of food to study the implications of increase in sugars price. 3.0 Data Collection and Analysis The following results obtained from the research done. The results are based on the surveys and interviews that represent the whole community of food sellers and bakers in Shah Alam. 3.1 The supply side of the food market sold by the food sellers The supply curve for the food Effect increment of price of sugar on 1st January to the supply of food: The supply curve of Graph 1 has shifted to left, which caused the lowering supply of food by the food sellers in Shah Alam. The reduction is approximated to be 10%. However, there were 10% increments in the supply of food after four months shown by Graph 2. Average price of food (RM) S2 P2 pP S1 P1 0 Q2 10% Q1 Average quantity of food Graph 1: Supply of food after the price of sugar increased on 1st January 2010 Average price of food (RM) S2 S3 P3 P2 Q2 10% Q3 Average quantity of food Graph 2 : Supply of food after four months of the increment of price of sugar on 1st January 2010 On 16th July 2010, when the price of sugar increased, the food sellers increased their food supply about 25%. The price of food. To take the price of food as example could be difficult because there are ranges of food. Hence I chose Teh Tarik as example. Teh Tarik is a type of drink that is popular in Malaysia. It is actually a type of tea that is made by special technique by Malaysian and being drink by all races in Malaysia. Period of time Before 1st January 2010 1st January 2010 16th July 2010 Price of teh tarik, RM per glass 1.20 1.50 1.80 Table 1: The increase in price of food The price of food continue to increase because to the increment on the cost of production. Income of the food sellers Due to the severity of the situation in the market during the increase in price of sugar, all the income of the food sellers has decreased. The average decrement in income faced by them was 20% after the price of sugar had increased on 1st January. After four months, the average increment in income is 20% back to the equilibrium  [7]  . Then when the price of sugar increased again on 16th July, the average decrement in income was 30%. After one month, the average increment in income is 20% (Refer Graph 3) The costs of production. From the interview, all samples reported an increment in the costs of production. The costs had increased for 13.8% after the price of sugar had increased on 1st January and the increment shown by Graph 5. When the price of sugar increased in 16th July, the cost increased to 10.1% from the previous cost. This cost is variable cost  [8]  . The market is considered to be short run (1st Jan) and long run (16th July). (Refer Graph 4). Cost, RM 10.1% AVC3 13.8% AVC2 AVC1 Graph 4: The average variable cost of production Average quantity of food The detail on the cost is shown in Appendix A. 3.1.5 Measures taken by food sellers to overcome the problem. The measures taken by the food sellers to overcome the cost experienced are:- Increase the price of the product Decrease the quantity of product being sold Decrease the amount of sugar in the product Extent the sales time 3.2 The demand side of the food market The demand shows the significance effect of increase in price of sugar to the food market and the sugar market itself. 3.2.1 The demand for sugar when the price of sugar increased. The demand for sugar has increased when the price of sugar increased on 1st January. Even though, the price of sugar increase again in 16th January, the demand for sugar continue to increased. Hence the demand curve shifted to the right for both situations. Price of sugar, RM/kg P D1 D2 0 Q1 Q2 Quantity of sugar, kg Graph 6 : The demand for sugar when the price of sugar increased. 3.2.2 The demand of food after the sugar price had increase When the price of sugar increased on 1st January, the demand of food decreased. However after four months, the food demand was back to normal. Then on 16th July, although the price of sugar continued to decrease, the demand of food at Shah Alam also continue to increase. The increment was about 15%. 4.0 Evaluation In this section, we will investigate the behaviour of the demand and supply and how exactly it had affected the food retailers and bakers in Shah Alam when the price of sugar increased. 4.1 The market mechanism of sugar when the price of sugar had increased The demand of sugar continued to increase after 1st Jan and 16th July even though the price had increased. The consumption of sugar in Malaysia is about 1.3 tonnes and up to two million tonnes of refined sugar is produced annually  [9]  . The PED  [10]  for sugar after 1st Jan is 2.175. This indicates that the sugar has inelastic demand. According to the theory, if a product has elastic demand, then if price is raised, the quantity demanded will fall by more in comparison and so the total revenue gained by the firm will fall. However, the demand of sugar continued to increase; was not following the theory. Government noticed that the demand of sugar was not affected by the increased in price. Then they proceed with rationalisation subsidy and increased the price of sugar by RM0.25 on 16th July. New PED was created which was 0.66. The new PED indicating that demand of sugar was inelastic and this also gave a signal to the government that the market of sugar was back to normal. Sugar is a necessity product therefore it should have inelastic demand. The increment on price of sugar on 16th July was a first step for rationalisation subsidy programme. The government continued with this programme and on 4th December, the price of sugar was increased again.  [11]   Price of sugar, RM/kg 1.90 1.65 a D b c Q2 Q1 Quantity of sugar, kg Graph 7: The demand of sugar Based on the Graph 7, if a good has inelastic demand, before the price is raised, the revenue gained is equal to revenue box b+revenue box c. After the price is increased, revenue box c is loss and revenue box a is gained in return. Thus holding in this theory, government is expected to decrease the sugars subsidy, increase the total revenue and at the same time, hopefully decrease the consumption of sugar to promote healthier lifestyle. After 1st Jan, the increase in price of sugar gave a shocking experience to citizen in Shah Alam even around Malaysia itself. In short run, the behaviour of the market was not stable. Mostly this was because consumers are afraid if the price of sugar is going to increase and sugar shortages are likely to happen. Malaysia offers the lowest price of sugar in the region and hence sugar are being smuggles to countries nearby. (see Table 2) Country Price of sugar (RM) Malaysia 2.10 Indonesia 3.50 Singapore 3.80 Thailand 2.80 Table 2: Different price of sugar among different countries in the region on September 2010.  [12]   In the long run (16th July), the demand of sugar continued to increase but proportionally. Consumer knows about rationalisation programme and the quantity demanded continued to increase because of festive season. 4.2 Importance of rationalisation of subsidy In 2008, sugar has not been subsidised. It started in 2009 when the price of raw sugar increased from US$220 per metric tonne to US$440. Earlier 2010 the government decided to remove the subsidy gradually as the price of raw sugar increased to US$660.  [13]   Price of sugar (RM) S + subsidy (3) S + subsidy (2) S 1.65 1.90 3.00 S + subsidy (1) S + subsidy (1) P3 1.45 Graph 7: Removal of subsidy on sugar 0 Qe Q3 Q2 Q1 Based on Graph 7, subsidy was first given (S+subsidy(1)) and then it was reduced gradually. Consumers are indirectly affected as the government will use tax revenues to fund the subsidies and involves an opportunity cost in terms of reduced government spending on other things. Importance of removal of subsidy. The benefit of subsidy is manipulated by the wealthy, foreigners and large firms. The large firms manipulate the use of subsidies and better off compared to the poor citizen. Reduce deficit and national debt. Thus achieve the development goals. Malaysia have to import 99% sugar supply.  [14]  According to the law of demand, when the price of a good increased, the quantity demanded of the good will fall. Therefore when the subsidy is reduced, the sugar demand will decrease, hence the imports will decrease too. Thus the amount of deficit will fall. From 1998 to 2009, the deficit increased from RM5 billion to RM47 billion. The national debt is rising to RM362 billion. If the government debt continues to increase at rate of 12% per annum, Malaysia could go bankrupt by 2019 (RM1158 billion debt) and ended up like Greece. In order to save the country, Malaysia needs to increase its GDP  [15]  and reduce government expenditure. Government spent RM74 billion in 2009 for subsidy and RM3.4 billion was for food. When sugars subsidy is removed gradually by RM0.20 until 2012, by 2014, Malaysia will save RM1237 million. Deficit and debt will be reduced by RM103 billion in five years.  [16]   Reduce opportunity cost and use the spending in other sectors or even for merit goods. Part of New Economic Model and 10th Malaysia Plan. Improve competitiveness and ensure optimal utilization of resources.  [17]   Malaysias competitive index has improved from 18th to 10th.  [18]   4.3 Food market mechanism when the price of sugar increased in short run. Average price of food, RM S1 S2 E3 P3 E1 Q1 E2 P2 P1 D2 D1 Average quantity of food, Q 10% Q1 Q3 Q2 Graph 8: Average demand and average supply of the market of food when the price of sugar increased in 1st January E1 was the equilibrium of the market of food when the price of sugar is not increased while E2 and E3 shows the new equilibrium when the price of sugar increased. The movement of D1 and S1 looks insignificant; however the reduction is big enough to cause the income of the food retailers to decrease significantly. There was 10% decrement for both supply and demand. This was caused by three factors which are substitutes, real income and government policies (campaign). Average price of food, RM There are wide range types of foods; hence there are a lot of substitutes (determinants). When the price of food increased, consumers tend to find other substitutes even in short run. This caused the demand curve to shift to the left from D1 to D2. The second factor was real income of consumers decreased; purchasing power decreases. When the price of sugar increased, many goods increase their price due to production cost increased. CPI  [19]  mostly for all types of goods increased (Refer Appendix C). Therefore real income of consumer decreased and they choose to decrease the amount of food to buy and rather cook by themselves. The third factor was government policies (campaign). One of the main objectives of government to increase the price of sugar was to create awareness among consumer to decrease the amount of sugar consumed. This was also the objectives of 5M campaign which to decrease the amount of sugar consumed. From this campaign, the consumer a void from buying ready food because the food sold contains a lot of sugar and it is not healthy. 4.4 Food market mechanism when the price of sugar increased in long run. The second increment of sugar is accepted as a long run increment because the consumer was aware of rationalisation subsidy programme. Price of food, RM E1 S1 S1 P3 E2 Q5 Q4 Q3 Q1 15% 25% 25% 25% 25% 25% D2 S2 D1 P2 P1 D1 Average quantity of food, Q Q2 Graph 9: The demand and supply side of food when the price of sugar increased on 16th July The graph shows that the demand and supply curve shift to the right. The supply increased by 25% while the demand increased by 15%. This is due to festive season (seasonal changes) stated earlier. The consumer had to increase their demand for food as it were necessity for them. Aware of this situation, the food sellers increased the food supply to generate more income. From the surveys conducted the public are aware of the increment in the price of sugar and of course the price of food. Most of them decreased the act of buying food because there are a lot of choices in Shah Alam. There are many wet markets, supermarkets and hypermarkets. The consumer can buy raw materials and cook their food themselves and save their money.(Appendix C) However, when the festive season came, there are traditions in Malaysia where there are markets that sell variety of ready foods in this season. Therefore many consumers increased their consumption of foods because of the festive season. In addition, Malaysian has the habit of accepting government plan even though at the beginning they were not satisfied. As time passes by, they accept it as they know it is for their own good; hence the market mechanism of food is back to normal in long run. 4.5 The burdens that increased price of sugar had caused to the food sellers. From the interviews conducted, the increased price of sugar affects the income of the food sellers and increases the cost of productions. Average price of food, RM D2 D1 S1 S2 P1 E1 E2 P1 Loss of income Average quantity of food, Q Q2 Q1 Graph 9: Income of the food sellers At the beginning, the income of the food sellers was 0P1E1Q1. This was the equilibrium level of income of the food sellers. At this level, the food sellers can support all type of costs. The food retailers live a comfortable life until their income decreased to 0P1E2Q2. The grey area is around 20% percentage loss from the real income. The food sellers had to decrease their expenditure because of less income. Not even the price of sugar has increased but other materials that needed for production of food also increased. The technology used could not be repair and no replacement investment  [20]  could be carried out. The sellers need to decrease their living expenses to resort the loss income. They also might need to use their savings especially the sellers that handle small business, hawkers. They will faced big impact as they did not gain a lot of income compared to larger business. Competition increased as food sellers compete to minimize the cost to lower the price of food, thus increase demand. The sellers reported that they did not agree by the decision of the government especially when the price of sugar increased. There were rumours that the government will increase the price of sugar again, hence the consumers were afraid and thus panic buying happened and the demand of sugar increased. This caused shortages. This affects the food sellers as they cannot find the supply of sugar. For small food sellers who used to buy sugar at mini market had to travel to find other suppliers as shortages of sugar happened. Even at the hypermarket, sugar supply is limited and each people restricted to buy only 2kg of sugar. This has increased the cost of production and also affects their emotion and the productivity. They even had to increase the price as geographical mobility affects pricing. In addition, inflation  [21]  (increased in CPI) gave additional burdens to the food sellers (Refer Appendix D) as the price of other products increases (increase in cost of production). Some of the food sellers need to lay off their workers and this caused unemployment rate to increase (Refer Appendix E) The food sellers had to take few measures to repair this situation. Among the measures taken, they had to extend the sales times and this actually burdened them as the labour cost increased. When they follow the government campaign to decrease the amount of sugar, this change the taste of the product and caused the taste of the consumer changed too. Mostly the measures taken do not help them but since food is a necessity and due to festive season, the demand increased. After four months, the demand increased heading towards equilibrium and so does the supply curve. The income increased as it was nothing happen. Fortunately, festive season came and the demand for food increased significantly. This helps the food sellers to gain back their loss profit. Aside from that, 50% of the consumer did not agree that by increasing the price of sugar, the citizen will decrease the consumption of sugar while the other half agree that by increasing the price of sugar, consumption of sugar will decrease. Not many consumers are aware that government decreased the subsidy to decrease the national debt. This shows that public is unaware of the countrys situation. Incomplete flow of information is one of the reasons of market failure. Therefore government interventions are needed to create awareness so that the public could help the country to increase the national income. On the other hand, the research made by the government reported that out of 191 592 Malaysians, 115 703 agree with subsidy rationalisation and 124 750 agree the subsidies should reduced in 3-5 years.  [22]   5.0 Conclusion Clearly this research has answered the research question. The food sellers did experience a lot of problems when the price of sugar increased. Shah Alam is the capital city and there is a sugar factory but the food sellers still faced sugar shortages. The cost of production increased the income are lowered. Their emotion are affected but only in short run. The living expenses being reduced and their way of life changed. Although, there were few measures taken, it still cannot fix the problems. Fortunately, the market of food had recovered by itself and fixed the problems faced. The demand increased and the income of food sellers increased. The loss is recovered. Government should be aware of the impact that could cause the food sellers and should give awareness to the consumer the problems faced by the country (See Appendix F for recommendation). The consumer should understand the burden faced by the food sellers and do not blame them when the price of their product increased. Maybe the consumer could decrease the consumption of import good and increase the consumption of local good instead, then reduce the deficit and hence to help the country. Consumers also can change the way their life by consuming less sugar or substitute with other type of sugar example brown sugar or any artificial sugar on market. (See Appendix G for sugar substitutes). With this sugar shortages will decrease and substitutes could promote healthier lifestyle. Nevertheless the balance of payments is now become more stable. The deficit already reduced (see Appendix H ) and the current account balance increased  [23]  (see Appendix H and I). However, the GDP growth rate annually decreased. This might due to decrease in government spending. Still, this situation is surprising because rationalisation subsidy programme should increase the GDP but contrary situation happened (see Appendix J). Further research can be done to investigate the reasons of this situation and market mechanism around Malaysia should be study especially the rural areas so that comparison can be made. 6.0 Limitations In this research, the exact figure could not be attained. The food sellers do not want to co-operate due to confidentiality. The workers also could not co-operate due to working policies that not allow any interviews. On the other occasion, the respondents do give response but the answers might incorrect, they simply answer it because the answer looks true. This research was carried out in Shah Alam, therefore the data could not represent all population. This research does not specific on one type of food. Hence the data might be inaccurate. However from the observation make, the data is reliable. Time constraint hindered the research progress.

Howards End Essay -- Gender Roles, Feminism, Womens Rights

Throughout the novel, we are often led to question the gender roles into which the men of Howards End are forced. As the novel is highly feminist, due to the ideas, words, and actions of both the Schlegel sisters, it is merely inevitable that the concept of masculinity should be in the novel as well, for its existence only supplements the feminist themes. However, the pervasiveness of masculinity is multifaceted. We are made aware of Henry’s powerful masculinity, but also of Leonard’s meeker acceptance of manhood not as something taken for granted but as a privilege, a thing to be desired. Coupled with Tibby’s queerness, the range of masculinity portrayed in the novel breaks the mold of stereotype. In this time period, being a man means acting in such a way as to imitate a Wilcox man. This involves essentially running England (albeit perhaps to a lesser degree than the Wilcoxes) while still maintaining one’s gentility. â€Å"If Wilcoxes hadn’t worked and died in England . . . There would be no trains, no ships . . . no fields even. Just savagery† (149). It takes masculinity to essentially run the country, and the Wilcox men have this. They are the ones who have built up society and as such, they are the ideal men to follow in example. A man is allowed to participate in general society much more than a woman–in fact, often he can do whatever he wishes (within basic means) and end up in less trouble than a woman. This is shown clearly when Henry Wilcox is thought just a little bit lesser of when his affair with Jacky is found out, compared to the societal shun that the Schlegels expect once they discover Helen is having a child. Being a man ideally does not mean succumbing to temptation, although Henry, Charles, Leonard, and Pau... ...es gets hay fever, he â€Å"gets quite cross when [Helen] inquires after it† (3). The Wilcoxes are so stagnant in their roles of manliness that they are reluctant to even admit that they could be weak enough to contract an illness. In their eyes, weakness is a characteristic of the female, and certainly not the male. Masculinity is not limited simply to one model in Howards End, that of the Wilcox men, but it is in fact malleable. Although it is not always beneficial (especially in Leonard’s case) to not fit the stereotype, the fact remains that one can still be a man, per se, without having to live up to the stereotype. Indeed, the eccentricity of Forster’s characters allow for the stereotypical male to seem ridiculous and out of place. The novel’s true heroes are those who do not conform (or are not able to conform) and thus break out of their stifling gender roles. Howards End Essay -- Gender Roles, Feminism, Women's Rights Throughout the novel, we are often led to question the gender roles into which the men of Howards End are forced. As the novel is highly feminist, due to the ideas, words, and actions of both the Schlegel sisters, it is merely inevitable that the concept of masculinity should be in the novel as well, for its existence only supplements the feminist themes. However, the pervasiveness of masculinity is multifaceted. We are made aware of Henry’s powerful masculinity, but also of Leonard’s meeker acceptance of manhood not as something taken for granted but as a privilege, a thing to be desired. Coupled with Tibby’s queerness, the range of masculinity portrayed in the novel breaks the mold of stereotype. In this time period, being a man means acting in such a way as to imitate a Wilcox man. This involves essentially running England (albeit perhaps to a lesser degree than the Wilcoxes) while still maintaining one’s gentility. â€Å"If Wilcoxes hadn’t worked and died in England . . . There would be no trains, no ships . . . no fields even. Just savagery† (149). It takes masculinity to essentially run the country, and the Wilcox men have this. They are the ones who have built up society and as such, they are the ideal men to follow in example. A man is allowed to participate in general society much more than a woman–in fact, often he can do whatever he wishes (within basic means) and end up in less trouble than a woman. This is shown clearly when Henry Wilcox is thought just a little bit lesser of when his affair with Jacky is found out, compared to the societal shun that the Schlegels expect once they discover Helen is having a child. Being a man ideally does not mean succumbing to temptation, although Henry, Charles, Leonard, and Pau... ...es gets hay fever, he â€Å"gets quite cross when [Helen] inquires after it† (3). The Wilcoxes are so stagnant in their roles of manliness that they are reluctant to even admit that they could be weak enough to contract an illness. In their eyes, weakness is a characteristic of the female, and certainly not the male. Masculinity is not limited simply to one model in Howards End, that of the Wilcox men, but it is in fact malleable. Although it is not always beneficial (especially in Leonard’s case) to not fit the stereotype, the fact remains that one can still be a man, per se, without having to live up to the stereotype. Indeed, the eccentricity of Forster’s characters allow for the stereotypical male to seem ridiculous and out of place. The novel’s true heroes are those who do not conform (or are not able to conform) and thus break out of their stifling gender roles.

Racism :: essays research papers

The sizzling streams of sunlight were just beautifully glimmering down on the crisp green school yard. Such a wonderful day that was. Nothing could have ruined it. Little Jimmy, since it was such a wonderful day decided to go to the corner store and buy himself a little treat. As little Jimmy started walking over to the store, clouds flocked over the dazzling sun and the sudden pitch dark meant no trouble. On the other side of the road were three white boys from Jimmy's same school. Upon recognizing Jimmy, the boys ran over the street to where he was. "Hey Negro, what's up?", one of the white Boy said. "Did your mamma pack you enough to eat to-day?", another hooted. "Just leave me alone.", Little Jimmy said "Oh no, Jimmy's really getting pist off!?", the first boy retaliated. "Just shove off and let me be," Jimmy answered. It is like this everyday, everywhere, and everytime, people suffer discrimination. All because they have differen ces amongst each other. Different beliefs, different cultures, different skin colour, all of these act like building blocks to help construct what we know as Racism. Racism has become one of the many burdens amongst multi-cultural worlds like Canada and the States. Racism is a part of each and every one of us. No doubt, we are all racist, but this the term racism has been used too loosely. Racism has been mutated to such an extent that it could be a reason for war, a symbol of terrorism, and even an excuse for neglecting. Is that all there is to it? No, actually it is just the beginning. Racism is just like warfare in which there is no shelter and nobody is neutral. Nobody is exempt from this demon. He has haunted us with a bitter curse. On one occasion I remember, nobody would play with me at school. I would walk around by myself and ask people if we could play together. Everywhere that I went, like the process of induction, everyone would avoid me. Like two inducted poles with the same polarity, they would just shimmer off into the distance and continue to do whatever they're doing. Because of racial differences, they neglect me. People are afraid of the unknown, and it is this difference amongst people that spread rumors and distrust amongst people. Corrupting our thoughts and reasons, we get accustomed to thinking differences are omens.

Unlimited Semiosis, Intertexuality and Ex-Centricity in Umberto

Dicle Erbay AKE 612/712 Assist. Prof. Dr. Bilge Mutluay UNLIMITED SEMIOSIS, INTERTEXUALITY AND EX-CENTRICITY IN UMBERTO ECO’S THE NAME OF THE ROSE The title of The Name of the Rose suggests many interpretations about the thick book at first glance. Umberto Eco talks about this first impression and why he chose this title for his book in his expository article he published in Alphabeta called â€Å"Postille† (after). He says that the idea for the title was coincidental and he liked it at the first thought because the rose is such a meaningful and symbolic object that it actually lost its original meaning- having almost no meaning.After giving many references of the rose (The War of the Roses, The Rosencrantz Cult, Gertrude Stein's poem Sacred Emily), Eco explains that a potential reader would be baffled by such a title as it both meant everything and nothing at the same time. It would be impossible for him/her to reach up to a quick conclusion; in fact, that conclusion i s never to come. The title of a book, he concludes, should stumble up ideas, not put them in order. This explanation actually is a small prototype of the entire book in terms of its meaning and â€Å"conclusion†.The Name of the Rose is a book that has a multiplicity of meanings, an unlimited intertextuality, and an important theme of ex-centricity. However even this explicit announcement made for the title does not satisfy some result-obsessed people who continually ask Eco why he has chosen that title upon which he answers in his article â€Å"Reading My Readers†: â€Å"Because Pinocchio and Snow White were already copyrighted† (Eco 819). He seems to have become overwhelmed but his answer is not that silly either. He continues: â€Å"My simplistic answer concealed the fact that authors do not speak in the void and are determined- and even ensured- by previous texts†. Even such debate over the title only captures the importance of intertextuality for both Eco and his book. In this sense, The Name of the Rose is a book all about other books. In the same article, Eco goes on to explain how to interpret a text with neither consulting the author nor falling for quick conclusions. â€Å"The text is there. Narrators, as well as poets, should never be able to provide interpretations of their own work. A text is a machine conceived for eliciting interpretations. When one has a text to question, it is irrelevant to question the author† (Eco 820).Still, Eco must have felt to bring some clarifications upon some academics that had fallen into the pit of symbolic explanations for Eco’s work. Some wrong interpretations included â€Å"fishing for ultraviolet analogies† by a â€Å"paranoid reader†. What he did was to code a series of characters in one of his Foucault's Pendulum according to their initial letters; Abulafia, Belbo, Casaubon, and Diotallevi, making a pattern of ABCD. Another thing he tried to do was to attr ibute J&B label to Jacopo Belbo as he is a heavy whiskey drinker.Umberto Eco’s answer to these cryptograms (which he sees as â€Å"interpretive waste†) are surprisingly patient: â€Å"The alphabetical series ABCD is textually irrelevant if the names of the other characters do not bring it to X, Y, and Z; and Belbo drinks martinis and furthermore his mild addiction to alcohol is not the most relevant of his features†(Eco 824). Although Eco highlights intertextuality and symbolic references, he is never too simple to connect them to trivial pursuits. Thus, he obviously needed to describe a model reader for his works to be understood accordingly: â€Å"A text is a device conceived in order to produce its Model Reader.Such a reader is not the one who makes the â€Å"only right† conjecture. A text can foresee a Model Reader entitled to try infinite conjectures† (Eco 821). Therefore, the readers of The Name of the Rose, instead of trying to achieve one s ingle meaning, should be open to a multiple and diverse of meanings so that the text can be achieved. The author should also be aware of this fact; when he writes a book and publishes it, it will be open to anyone who reads it and it will be open to interpretations not according to the author’s intentions but by a complex strategy of interactions.Applying the Model Reader to The Name of the Rose, Eco says in â€Å"Postille† that he wants an accomplice for his game. While he was writing, he wanted to be completely specific to the Middle Ages and he wanted to live in the Middle Ages as if it were his own age (and vice versa). Simultaneously he wished for a reader who would fall victim to him, or rather his book and would want nothing more than the book presents him. Then he directly speaks to the reader: In short, I will present you so much of Latin, few women, abundant theology, litres of blood as in Grand Guignol that you will say â€Å"But this is wrong!I am out! â⠂¬  There, at that moment you will belong to me and you will feel the shiver of the eternal almightiness of God who baffles the order of the world. Then, if you are smart, you will realize how I have entrapped you, because in the long run I have been telling you this with each step; I have been warning you well about the fact that I have been dragging you into ending up in hell. Yet the best thing about the contracts made with Satan is that people’s knowingly signing it with whom they are doing business. Otherwise what is the deal about hell and rewarding anyway? my translation 655) What he is doing here is to play with the conventions of the novel, which would normally and readily accept any eager reader submerging oneself in the book, resting peacefully in between its orderly pages without any threat or trap, and ending smoothly in the bliss of closure. He is questioning and playing with those conventions by threatening his readers and proving his postmodern attitudes towa rds his act of writing as well as his readers. In order to reach a full understanding of a text, Eco has his theoretical explanations about signs that constitute texts.The Name of the Rose will reveal itself more in his article â€Å"The Theory of Signs and the Role of the Reader†. He talks about the freedom of use of a text and goes on to say: A text is [not] a clear crystal-clear structure interpretable in a single way; on the contrary, a text is a lazy machinery which forces its possible readers to do a part of its textual work, but the modalities of the interpretive operations-albeit multiple, and possibly infinite-are by no means indefinite and must be recognized as imposed by the semiotic strategies displayed by the text. 36) We are again made aware of the plurality of meanings of a text and its certain boundaries made out of semiotics. Every single sign works with its context and they help us in the process of understanding what we are reading (or seeing). â€Å"If si gns were not endowed with a certain text-oriented meaning metaphors would not work, and every metaphor would only say that a thing is a thing† (37).Therefore we need the theory of signs for a clean interpretation: In order to understand, then, how a text can be not only generated but also interpreted, one needs a set of semantico-pragmatic rules, organized by an encyclopedia-like semantic representation, which establish how and under which conditions the addressee of a given text is entitled to collaborate in order to actualize what the text actually says. (43) The Name of the Rose is a huge pool of signs and unlimited semiosis from which the reader is challenged to absorb every meaning and not to choose only one out of all those choices.It is such a thin line between coming to an understanding of a whole set of meanings at the same time without feeling overwhelmed and drowning in the ocean of signs in case of attempting to pin them all. Rather than coming to a conclusion, the book has infinite layers of a rose, from which the reader cannot reach a final meaning. The point is to derive pleasure from the process of meaning, not its closure. Adso also is a naive reader who should learn this notion throughout the book.One critic named Rocco Capozzi interprets Adso’s development under the light of Peircean ideas: On his journey-and it is most appropriate that a â€Å"novice, â€Å"in his gradual formation, should learn through the experience of a journey (one of the main, and most obvious, over coded symbols of The Rose) Adso learns from William that the nature of books is similar to the nature of â€Å"signs. † As he loses more and more of his naivete, and as he acquires more and more what Peirce calls â€Å"logica docens,† Adso learns to accept that when speaking of signs, he â€Å"can always and only speak of something that speaks . . of something else†; perhaps without ever arriving at the â€Å"final something†-at th e â€Å"true one†. This is only one of the many clear â€Å"traces† of Peirce's principle of unlimited semiosis in The Rose. (416) Adso questions William’s method of logic in trying to disclose the murders in the monastery as the latter seems to delay the solutions rather than reaching to them. He addresses Adso: Solving the mystery is not the same as deducing from first principles. Nor does it amount simply to collecting a number of particular data from which to infer a general law.It means, rather, facing one or two or three particular data apparently with nothing in common, and trying to imagine whether they could represent so many instances of a general law you don’t yet know, and which perhaps has never been pronounced. [. . . ] In the face of some inexplicable facts you must try to imagine many general laws, whose connection with your facts escapes you. Then suddenly, in the unexpected connection of a result, a specific situation, and one of those l aws, you perceive a line of reasoning that seems more convincing than the others.You try applying it to all similar cases, to use it for making predictions, and you discover that your intuition was right. But until you reach the end you will never know which predicates to introduce into your reasoning and which to omit. And this is what I am doing now. I line up so many disjointed elements and I venture some hypothesis. I have to venture many, and many of them are so absurd that I would be ashamed to tell them to you. (295-296) William is the critical or the Model reader that Eco yearns for. While reading the book, the reader’s attitude toward it should be like William’s method.Adso, on the other hand is the naive reader who cares more about a single truth rather than enjoying the process. Adso wants to hear about the truth in vain: – But then †¦ you are still far from the solution. – I am very close to one, but I don’t know which. – Th erefore you don’t have a single answer to your questions? – Adso, if I did I would teach theology in Paris. – In Paris do they always have the true answer? – Never, but they are very sure of their errors. (297) It is also possible to see William here as a different type of monk- he questions everything; even God’s word, yet not so openly.Still, his novice loses some of his respect towards him upon hearing there is not a single truth. He is worried about the murders and impatient to solve it immediately. He thinks that William is wasting time and disregarding the horrible events in the monastery: I had the impression that William was not at all interested in the truth, which is nothing but the adjustment between the thing and the intellect. On the contrary, he amused himself by imagining how many possibilities were possible. At that moment, I confess, I despaired of my master and caught myself thinking, ‘Good thing the inquisitor has come. I w as on the side of that thirst for truth that inspired Bernard Gui. (297) While we are enjoying the process of reading The Name of the Rose, we are presented with countless references from various writers, thinkers, poets, and so on. These references are not directly there in front of our eyes but the competent reader is quick to grab the source of the references he has known. They are so absorbed in the text that only what the reader knows is available to him/her. Capozzi defines The Name of the Rose â€Å"as a mosaic of books- as a novel of books within books, and of signs and a system of signs within other systems† (417).Intertextuality is another important aspect of The Name of the Rose which adds to the multiplicity of meanings. In fact, Eco's novel is a perfect example of conscious (and unconscious) â€Å"hybridization†; it is a text in which many other texts merge, fuse, collide, intersect, speak to, and illuminate, one another-each with its own language and â₠¬Å"ideologue. † The Rose, succinctly put, is a skillful (con)structure of an intentionally ambiguous, polyvalent, and self-reflexive novel in-tended to generate multiple meanings.Moreover, it is a novel which wishes to be: an intersection of textual â€Å"traces† and â€Å"textures†; a dialogue with many texts; and a literary text generated through the end-less process of writing and reading, re-writing and re-reading, etc. Looking for the sources of these references, however, is a futile journey in reading the book. If overemphasized this practice undermines â€Å"the whole strategy of overtly using quotations and intertextuality as a foreseen textual strategy for generating other texts† (Capozzi 414).It also overlooks Eco’s way of literary journey through encyclopedia of literature in the act of writing and ignores the re-writing and re-reading other texts as a text or an interrelationship of different discourses and meanings. Many critics has fou nd in The Name of the Rose references from several writers such as William of Occam, Roger Bacon, Alessandro Manzoni, Jorge L. Borges, Conan Doyle, Michail Bakhtin, Charles S. Peirce, Jury Lotman, Roland Barthes, Maria Corti, Eco's own theoretical and journalistic writings, and so on.The ultimate reference seems to be to the Bible as the books starts like Genesis and ends in an Apocalypse, adding the seven-day creation in the storyline by giving the account of the events in a week. It is also possible to see Bakhtin in Adso’s carnivalesque dream and the side ornaments that Adelmo draws on books. But the most significant of the references is undoubtedly to Borges as the book is so full of Borgesian elements like labyrinth, library, books about books and mirror that in fact some critics even claim that the true author of The Name of the Rose is Borges- not Eco.The most striking reference to Borges seems to be the name of the murderer: Jorge de Burgos. Eco personally answers to those who ask why the character’s name evokes the writer and why he is such a bad figure: â€Å"I do not know it myself, either. I was in need of a blind man in charge of the library (that seemed to be a good idea to me); and a blind library only begets Borges; because everything has a price† (my translation 644). It is also a revelation of his debts to Borges. In fact not only more than a few elements in the book are Borgesian but also Eco’s interpretation of a text finds its roots in the writer.Borges is known to see a book as a dialogue in which it engages with the reader and he does not accept it as an isolated entity. Moreover, Borges uses â€Å"a painstaking description of characters, dates, recondite historical facts, erudite philosophical debates, and detailed bibliographical references, each of which serves to blur the border between reality and imagination† (all of which is visible in The Name of the Rose) in the beginning paragraphs of many of his short stories (Corry 428).By such a detailed introduction, the reader is invited not to question the reality of the reported facts. Furthermore, â€Å"the profusion of characters, the scholarly questions, and the endless references to books and writers† also tell us that we are surrounded by a Borgesian jungle. Many short stories of Borges are also alluded to in the book. â€Å"A library representing the universe, its structure of a complicated and large labyrinth, the possibility of knowing the secrets of the world†, all remind us â€Å"The Library of Babel†.William’s role as a detective trying to â€Å"decipher the secret interior of the library only through examination of its exterior and with the help of mathematics† is similar to the detective Eric Lonnrot in â€Å"Death and the Compass† (Corry 428-429). The similarities are so many to count but Eco’s debt to Borges is undeniably great. The final significant feature of The Na me of the Rose that I am going to mention is its central theme of â€Å"ex-centricity†. It is the story of those who are driven away from the centre, the system and it is mostly used in historiograpic metafiction.The characters in the book are continuously struggling in and out of the centre. William and Adso are trying to enter the center of the library, Franciscans are trying to enter the center of the Church by making Avignon accept Jesus Christ’s poverty and Jorge is trying to keep his central position by protecting library at the cost of his and anybody else’s life. However, the ex-centrics in the book are mostly seen to establish their own meta-narrative; and thus creating their own circle. The most striking example is of the lepers.They are â€Å"misshapen, their flesh [is] decaying and all whitish, [they are] hobbling on their crutches, with swollen eyelids, bleeding eyes. † They do not â€Å"speak or shout†; they â€Å"twitter like miceâ €  (192). William explains their ex-centricity: â€Å"For the Christian people they are others, those who remain on the fringe of the flock. The flock hates them, they hate the flock, who wish all lepers like them would die. [†¦] The flock is like a series of concentric circles, from the broadest range of the flock to its immediate surroundings.The lepers are a sign of exclusion in general† (197-198). But the main point is revealed when William talks about the circles and their surroundings in general through the lepers’ exclusion as heretics: â€Å"This is the illusion of heresy. Everyone is heretical, everyone is orthodox. The faith of a movement proclaims doesn’t count: what counts is the hope it offers. All the heresies are the banner of a reality, an exclusion. Scratch the heresy and you will find the leper. Every battle against heresy wants only this: to keep the leper as he is† (194).The point is not to find a compromise or a remedy for the outsiders in all power relations but to keep them where they are. The Franciscans are also mostly desired to be excluded rather than to be listened and be given some credit. Instead of sharing an ocean of knowledge with the rest of the world, Jorge prefers keeping it all to himself for his own interpretation of order and submission and even kills himself by eating the poisoned pages of the book and burns the library. The meta-narrative, the center of the circle is so strong that its total destruction is more acceptable than its break.The argument of under which category The Name of the Rose is heated. It was labeled by many critics as: metaphysical, mystery, detective or anti-detective story, post-modern, historical, bildungsroman, gothic or essay novel, and so on. My impression is that the book might be all of this and none of this at the same time. Linda Hutcheon puts it under tha category of historiographic metafiction the definition of which is in the follows: Historiographic m etafiction works to situate itself within historical discourse without surrendering its autonomy as fiction.And it is a kind of seriously ironic parody that effects both aims: the intertexts of history and fiction take on parallel (though not equal) status in the parodic reworking of the textual past of both the â€Å"world† and literature. The textual incorporation of these intertextual past(s) as a constitutive structural element of postmodernist fiction functions as a formal marking of historicity-both literary and â€Å"worldly. † At first glance it would appear that it is only its constant ironic signaling of difference at the very heart of similarity that distinguishes postmodern parody from medieval and Renaissance imitation (see Greene 17). †¦ ] Nevertheless, a distinction should be made: â€Å"Traditionally, stories were stolen, as Chaucer stole his; or they were felt to be the common property of a culture or community †¦ These notable happenings, i magined or real, lay outside language the way history itself is supposed to, in a condition of pure occurrence† (Gass 147). [†¦ ] The intertextual parody of historiographic metafiction enacts, in a way, the views of certain contemporary historiographers (see Canary and Kozicki): it offers a sense of the presence of the past, but this is a past that can only be known from its texts, its traces-be they literary or historical.We are welcomed by Eco’s efforts to legalize the reality of his book; the book we are holding in our hands is actually a combination and edited version of many other writers other than Adso. The book is recorded by an Abbe named Vallet and it is the French translated manuscript of Dom J. Mabillon’s print, the author of which is Dom Adso of Melk. The book is made out of scattered notes, edited many times and travelled the most challenging journey- yet we have it in full and large form as it is. The suspense is there: what to believe in and what not to is always a mystery. The author as lost his authority by distancing himself from the origins of the book so far away that the reader does not give himself totally to what he has to say- there is a continuous and ongoing questioning. The intertextuality of the book is another marking of both literary and â€Å"worldly† historicity as Hutcheon says. It is a reminder of the past that we can never be sure to refer except from textual remaining. As the last line of the book suggests: â€Å"Stat rosa pristine nomine, nomina nuda tenemus. † [1] ———————– [1] Once a rose exists with its name, in our hands only names remain (my translation).