Primary Standards in Chemistry

In chemistry, a primary standard is a reagent which is very pure, representative of the number of moles the substance contains and easily weighed. A reagent is a chemical that is used to cause a chemical reaction with another substance. Often, reagents are used to test for the presence or quantity of specific chemicals in a solution. Properties of Primary Standards Primary standards are typically used in titration to determine an unknown concentration and in other analytical chemistry  techniques. Titration is a process in which small amounts of a reagent are added to a solution until a chemical reaction occurs. The reaction provides confirmation that the solution is at a specific concentration. Primary standards are often used to make standard solutions (a solution with a precisely known concentration). A good primary standard meets the following criteria: high level of puritylow reactivity (high stability)high equivalent weight (to reduce error from mass measurements)not likely to absorb moisture from the air (hygroscopic) to reduce changes in mass in humid versus dry environmentsnon-toxicinexpensive and readily available In practice, few chemicals used as primary standards meet all of these criteria, although its critical that  a standard is of high purity. Also, a compound which may be a good primary standard for one purpose may not be the best choice for another analysis. Examples of Primary Standards and Their Uses It may seem odd that a reagent is needed to establish the concentration of a chemical in solution. In theory, it should be possible to simply divide the mass of the chemical by the volume of the solution. But in practice, this isnt always possible. For example, sodium hydroxide (NaOH) tends to absorb moisture and carbon dioxide from the atmosphere, thus changing its concentration. A 1-gram sample of NaOH may not actually contain 1 gram of NaOH because additional water and carbon dioxide may have diluted the solution. To check the concentration of NaOH, a chemist must titrate a primary standard (in this case a solution of potassium hydrogen phthalate (KHP). KHP does not absorb water or carbon dioxide, and it can provide visual confirmation that a 1 gram solution of NaOH really contains 1 gram. There are many examples of primary standards; a few of the most common include: Sodium chloride (NaCl) is used as a primary standard for silver nitrate (AgNO3) reactions.Zinc powder may be used to standardize EDTA solutions after it has been dissolved in hydrochloric acid or sulfuric acid.Potassium hydrogen phthalate or KHP may be used to standardize perchloric acid and an aqueous base in an acetic acid solution. Secondary Standard Definition A related term is secondary standard. A secondary standard is a chemical that has been standardized against a primary standard for use in a specific analysis. Secondary standards are commonly used to calibrate analytical methods. NaOH, once its concentration has been validated through the use of a primary standard, is often used as a secondary standard.

Creon Is a Tragic Hero Essay - 1492 Words

The Hero, Creon Aristotle once said, regarding his principles that a certain character is a tragic hero, A man cannot become a hero until he can see the root of his own downfall. This quotation is an accurate statement regarding the actions between Creon in the beginning of the play, and at the end once he has lost his family. A tragic hero is defined as a character of noble stature, the hero is imperfect allowing the audience to relate to him, as well as the hero’s downfall is caused by his own fate, leading to the punishment exceeding the crime and the character’s realization leading to the fall. The audience experiences a catharsis at the end of the play, which allows the audience feel that society is â€Å"right† again. All six of†¦show more content†¦Throughout the play, Creon shows many examples of how he is imperfect. One example would be how he believes that the state is primary to his family and relationships, â€Å"If this is your pleasure, Creon, treati ng our city’s enemy and our friend this way †¦ the power is yours, I suppose, to enforce it with the laws, both for the dead and all of us, the living,† this quotation said by the leader of the chorus describes how the elder people of Thebes respect their family more than the state, but they held back on their opinions, knowing of what Creon, the leader, wanted to hear (235-240). Another example of how Creon shows the audience of how he is imperfect is when, Creon meets with Haemon. Creon argues with Haemon about how people should act towards the country which they reside in, â€Å"But whoever steps out of line, violates the laws or presumes to hand out orders to his superiors, he’ll win no praise from me. But that man the city places in authority, his orders must be obeyed, large and small, right and wrong,† Creon believes since he has the highest throne in his country, that he should be obeyed whether the circumstance (745-751). Lastly, Creon de monstrates to the audience that he is imperfect by wanting to protect his country too much. This is visible when Creon sentences Antigone to a slow death, because of burying her brother, who was outcasted as a traitor. Creon put the state over his family which will lead to the completeShow MoreRelatedCreon as Tragic Hero1586 Words   |  7 PagesIn the Greek play Antigone, Creon and Antigone can both be claimed the title of Tragic Hero. Creon was made king when Oedipus Rex fled the kingship. Creon is the brother in law of Oedipus, and was giving the kingship only because Oedipus’s sons, Eteocles and Polyneices were killed trying to fight for the thrown. Antigone is Oedipus’s daughter and Creon’s niece. When it comes down to who the tragic hero is, Creon most definitely walks away with the title. A tragic hero by definition is ordinary personRead MoreCreon as the Tragic Hero of an802 Words   |  4 PagesGreek tragedy would not be complete with out a tragic hero. Sophocles wrote Antigone with a specific character in mind for this part. Based on Aristotles definition, Creon is the tragic hero of Antigone. Creon fits Aristotles tragic hero traits as a significant person who is faced with difficult decisions. Creon is significant because he is king. This makes him both renowned and prosperous. Creon is not completely good nor completely bad; he is somewhere in-between, as humans are. The audienceRead MoreCreon The Tragic Hero1005 Words   |  5 PagesA tragic hero is defined in most cases as a literary character of great stature whose moral defect leads to tragedy but some self-awareness brings the character to make the right decision (World Literatures). That is why although Antigone portrays many characteristics of a tragic hero, the real tragic hero of this play is Creon. A tragic hero in the Greek world is very different from our perceptive of a hero in the modern world. When today’s society thinks of a hero they think of superpowers andRead MoreCreon As A Tragic Hero In SophoclesAntigone1509 Words   |  7 PagesIn Poetics, Aristotle describes a tragic character as someon e who experiences an error in judgement, experiences a reversal of fortune due to the error, has an excessive pride, and receives a fate much greater than what is deserved. In Sophocles’ Antigone, many would argue that Creon is the tragic hero of the play. However, he is not alone as the recipient of tragedy. A young woman by the name of Antigone also fits the characteristics for being considered a tragic heroine. A key element in the tragedyRead MoreCreon As A Tragic Hero Essay1650 Words   |  7 Pages Orens English 10H 26 October 2017 What makes tragic heroes different from an ordinary hero? A tragic hero is a character who is complex by nature, having the ability to give off distinctive impressions to different readers. Creon, king of Thebes, is the tragic hero in Sophocles’ â€Å"Antigone† who can be perceived as the antagonist on account of his behavior. One can say that Creon’s decision to prosecute Antigone for burying her brother made Creon look like the enemy. However, with further examinationRead MoreCreon, the Tragic Hero Essay1663 Words   |  7 Pages an argument of who is the tragic hero between Antigone and Creon exists. I firmly believe Creon is the tragic hero of the play. Creon becomes the typical fallen hero in Greek drama. He faces many conflicts, internally and externally, and undergoes quite a bit of painful emotions. One might say Antigone should receive the title of being the tragic hero, but Creon plays a more significant role by learning his lesson the hard way and en ding up as the classic tragic hero who loses everything at theRead MoreCreon Is The Tragic Hero Of Antigone734 Words   |  3 Pages The civil war is over. After the tragic death of the Oedipus, everyone would take the throne from one year to the next. Creon orders Eteocles to be buried with full honors, while Polynices body is left to rot. Creon says that â€Å"anyone who attempts to bury Polynices shall be publicly stoned to death† (Sophocles 57). Antigone has disobeyed the decree and has been sentenced to death. While Antigone is awaiting execution, the blind prophet, Tiresias, informs Creon that he has angered the gods. BasedRead MoreCreon : The Tragic Hero In SophoclesAntigone886 Words   |  4 Pagesit presents a certain type of hero or heroine who is neither completely good nor completely bad† (â€Å"What is† 739). He or she must also be â€Å"highly renowned and prosperous,† have a tragic flaw, learn a lesson, and suffer greatly (â€Å"What isà ¢â‚¬  739). Therefore, in Antigone by Sophocles, Creon is the tragic hero because he is a king who has the tragic flaw of pride, learns to respect god’s law, and suffers more than he deserves. The first thing that makes Creon a tragic hero is his pride. When the ChoragosRead MoreCreon: A Tragic Hero in Antigone606 Words   |  2 Pagesqualifications of a tragic hero vary between Aristotle and Shakespeare. Aristotle thinks of a tragic hero as someone who is a noble character by choice and makes his/her own destiny, while Shakespeare sees a tragic hero as someone who is born of nobility and born to be important. Although both tragic heros end in a tragic death that effects many people, not all tragic heros fit perfectly into both categories. In Sophocles’ Antigone, Creon is considered a tragic hero. Creon follows Aristotles definitionRead MoreEssay about Creon the Tragic Hero931 Words   |  4 Pagesplay Antigone by Sophocles,one could easily be lead to believe Antigone is the the tragic hero when in fact a strong case can be made that Creon, the king of Thebes, is actually the tragic hero. In believing that Creon is the tragic hero it would seem practical to call the play Creon rather than Antigone. On the other hand, naming the play Antigone gives the play a twist that leads the audience into a dynamically tragic journey through the lives of a prestigious royal family and it gives birth to thoughts

A Lesson Before Dying Lesson Before Dying Es Essay Example For Students

A Lesson Before Dying Lesson Before Dying Es Essay says A Lesson Before Dying In A Lesson Before Dying, Mr. Grant Wiggins life crises were the center of the story. Although he was supposed to make Jefferson into a man, he himself became more of one as a result. Not to say that Jefferson was not in any way transformed from the ;hog; he was into an actual man, but I believe this story was really written about Mr. Wiggins. Mr. Wiggins improved as a person greatly in this book, and that helped his relationships with other people for the most part. At the start of the book, he more or less hated Jefferson, but after a while he became his friend and probably the only person Jefferson felt he could trust. The turning point in their relationship was the one visit in which Jefferson told Mr. Wiggins that he wanted a gallon of ice cream, and that he never had enough ice cream in his whole life. At that point Jefferson confided something in Mr. Wiggins, something that I didnt see Jefferson doing often at all in this book. I saw a slight smile come to his face, and it was not a bitter smile. Not bitter at all; this is the first instance in which Jefferson breaks his somber barrier and shows emotions. At that point he became a man, not a hog. As far as the story tells, he never showed any sort of emotion before the shooting or after up until that point. A hog cant show emotions, but a man can. There is the epiphany of the story, where Mr. Wiggins realizes that the purpose of life is to help make the world a better place, and at that time he no longer minds visiting Jefferson and begins becoming his friend. Mr. Wiggins relationship with his Aunt declined in this story, although it was never very strong. His Aunt treated him like he should be a hog and always obey, yet she wanted him to make a hog into a man. His Aunt was not a very nice person, she would only show kindness towards people who shared many of her views, and therefore was probably a very hard person to get along with. The way Mr. Wiggins regarded his relationships most likely would have been different were he white. Mr. Wiggins feels, and rightly so, that several white men try to mock or make a fool of him throughout the story. This was a time of racial discrimination with much bigotry, so if the story took place in the present, it would be much different. In fact, there probably would have not even been a book because in the modern day, and honest and just jury would have found him innocent due to the lack of evidence. It wasnt really clear what sort of situation Mr. Wiggins was in regarding money, but he could not have been too well off because he needed to borrow money to purchase a radio for Jefferson, and he commented about the Rainbow Cafe: ;When I was broke, I could always get a meal and pay later, and the same went for the bar.; I suppose he had enough money to get by, but not much extra. As the book progresses he probably had less money to work with due to the money he was spending to buy the radio, comic books, and other items for Jefferson. Mr. Wiggins seemed to be well respected by the community, and he felt superior to other African Americans because he was far more educated than they were. That makes Mr. Wiggins guilty of not practicing what he preaches, although Jefferson probably made it clearer to him that the less intelligent are still humans with feelings. At the start of the book, Mr. Wiggins did not understand this. He went to visit Jefferson because Miss Emma and his Aunt more or less forced him to do it. He really had no motivation except that he would be shunned by his Aunt if he did not comply. .u00b825b6cbd1980280cadf4c0e7b70a5 , .u00b825b6cbd1980280cadf4c0e7b70a5 .postImageUrl , .u00b825b6cbd1980280cadf4c0e7b70a5 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u00b825b6cbd1980280cadf4c0e7b70a5 , .u00b825b6cbd1980280cadf4c0e7b70a5:hover , .u00b825b6cbd1980280cadf4c0e7b70a5:visited , .u00b825b6cbd1980280cadf4c0e7b70a5:active { border:0!important; } .u00b825b6cbd1980280cadf4c0e7b70a5 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u00b825b6cbd1980280cadf4c0e7b70a5 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u00b825b6cbd1980280cadf4c0e7b70a5:active , .u00b825b6cbd1980280cadf4c0e7b70a5:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u00b825b6cbd1980280cadf4c0e7b70a5 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u00b825b6cbd1980280cadf4c0e7b70a5 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u00b825b6cbd1980280cadf4c0e7b70a5 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u00b825b6cbd1980280cadf4c0e7b70a5 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u00b825b6cbd1980280cadf4c0e7b70a5:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u00b825b6cbd1980280cadf4c0e7b70a5 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u00b825b6cbd1980280cadf4c0e7b70a5 .u00b825b6cbd1980280cadf4c0e7b70a5-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u00b825b6cbd1980280cadf4c0e7b70a5:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Oedipus Essay Paper The whole process of Mr. Wiggins development and the plot of this story both spawn from the crimes .

Should We Spank Our Children free essay sample

This is the age old question that is so frequently asked that no one has a true answer. You have the people on one side saying that it will scar our children and nothing good can come from it, and you have the other half that believe it is the best way to discipline our children. So who do we believe? In my opinion I believe parents have the right to discipline their children, as long as it doesn’t surpass child abuse. I understand smacking your kid on the butt, but not on their arms or other extremities.In Introduction to Psychology by Charles Stangor, he explains that there are four different parenting styles; you have the authoritative parents who believe that their child will learn right from wrong through mature behavior and reason. Then, you have the authoritative parents that believe spanking or hitting their child is they way to teach them to behave, they also go by a very strict set of rules. We will write a custom essay sample on Should We Spank Our Children? or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Next, there is a permissive parent, who has very few rules and don’t really attention to their own kids. Last, you have the uninvolved parents who just leave their children to do whatever they want. The main ones that oppose and support spanking are the authoritative and the authoritarian (Stangor 184-185). There are people in this world that find spanking their kid just utterly repulsive. The even thought of a child getting spanked makes them uneasy. These people believe that spanking is 100% not effective and shouldn’t be done. People argue that spanking children will lead to the thinking that violence acceptable, and it can possibly cause them to have more violent tendencies and aggression (Finley). When arguing about spanking our children the opposing people bring up the subject of how spanking can be confusing to the child.What if they get spanked for hitting someone? How is that supposed to teach them not to hit, when they are being hit for doing that action? Kids can be confused from that and not be able to tell what is right and wrong (Finley). Is spanking our kids really a health problem in the United States? According to an article written by Dr. Paul C. Holinger, he says that spanking our children is becoming a public health problem, and that 60% of parents still discipline their kids this way. Holinger believes that â€Å"spanking is a uphemism for hitting†, that our kids are more likely to hit their children and/or spouses when they get older. He also believes that by hitting out kids it will cause a bad relationship between the parents and the kid, and are more likely to have antisocial behavior than a kid who was punished alternatively (Holinger). In a article written a little over a year ago explains a study performed on whether or not spanking is linked to aggression later on in a child’s life. It was published in Pediatrics last May and in the article the scientists asked mothers of 3 year olds how often they spanked their kid. Almost half of the moms said that they had not spanked their child in the past month. Around 28% said that they had spanked their child once or twice, and about 27% said that they had spanked their child more than twice during the past month. The researchers also asked about the kids aggressive behavior at the age of 3 and then 2 years later when these kids were 5 the researchers asked the moms the same aggressive behavior question. The study added evidence to their hypothesis that spanking or hitting our children led to a more aggressive child when they got older (Mann).On one side we have the people who oppose and on the other side we have the supporters, who believe that spanking can be beneficial to the child. There are some parents that believe spanking their child will make them learn that if they do the wrong thing then they will get spanked, so they put a negative association on the wrong behavior (Finley). People believe that spanking is a traditional form of discipline that has been around for quite some time now, and it really hasn’t cause any problems or reactions until the last 30 years or so. Some of the biggest supporters of spanking are actually very religious people because the Bible has verses in that make spanking our children seem like a normal everyday thing. The quote â€Å"spare the rod spoil the child,† is the one passage that people turn to the most to when giving their argument on the acceptability of spanking. The quote though is not specifically supporting the physical abuse that people believe it to be (Finley). Instead of spanking your child, there are alternatives to disciplining your child.Some experts suggest that you can sit them out in time out or even give them extra chores to do on top of the ones that they have, if they have them. They believe that you should use positive reinforcement with the child to let them know when they are doing things right. Not just scolding them for wrong behavior, that way they can still feel confident with themselves that they can do right in the world. It is said the using positive reinforcers can actually reduce the negative behavior, maybe not take it completely away but bring it to a minimal. My own opinion on the whole situation is pretty much in between.I say that if a parent wants to discipline a child by spanking them on the butt, then go right ahead. To me that is not child abuse, that is just showing your child that consequences come with bad behavior. If you are a parent that just wants to sit down with your child and explain the wrong doing to them and give them another means of punishment, then go right ahead. I think a parent should be the one to decide how they want to discipline their own child, not the court system or some psychiatrist. People have been spanking their kids for hundreds of years and until recently is has seemed to be a bad thing. Just let the parents do what they think is right and leave them be. I don’t have a clue yet on whether or not I am going to spank my children, when it comes to that time I will figure it out. I was spanked as a child whenever I did something bad and I don’t think I am a bad person because of it. It was my parent’s choice to spank me and my siblings and maybe one day I will, maybe I won’t. I guess only time will on that subject. Maybe one day that might even make it illegal to spank your child on the butt, but who knows. Let’s just wait and find out for ourselves.